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  <title>Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti</title>
  <link href="http://huffingtonpost.es/author/index.php?author=gian-maria-milesiferretti"/>
  <updated>2013-05-22T23:27:39-04:00</updated>
  <author>
    <name>Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti</name>
  </author>
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<entry>
    <title>La política fiscal estadounidense: Evitar herirse por mano propia</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.es/gian-maria-milesiferretti/la-politica-fiscal-estado_b_1757940.html"/>
    <id>tag:www.huffingtonpost.com,2012:/theblog//3.1757940</id>
    <published>2012-08-14T06:35:51-04:00</published>
    <updated>2012-10-14T05:12:02-04:00</updated>
    <summary><![CDATA[La economía estadounidense podría quedar expuesta a graves riesgos al final de este año a causa de dos heridas que podría infligirse por mano propia: el "precipicio fiscal" y el tope de la deuda.]]></summary>
    <author>
        <name>Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti</name>
        <uri>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gian-maria-milesiferretti/</uri>
    </author>
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gian-maria-milesiferretti/"><![CDATA[Al igual que gran parte de la econom&iacute;a mundial, Estados Unidos a&uacute;n se est&aacute; recuperando de la devastadora recesi&oacute;n mundial que comenz&oacute; en 2008. A veces ocurren crisis imprevisibles o inevitables. Pero la econom&iacute;a estadounidense podr&iacute;a quedar expuesta a graves riesgos al final de este a&ntilde;o a causa de dos heridas que podr&iacute;a infligirse por mano propia: el "precipicio fiscal" y el tope de la deuda.<br />
<br />
Comencemos por el precipicio fiscal. B&aacute;sicamente, si las autoridades estadounidenses no hacen algo al respecto, el 1 de enero de 2013 caducar&aacute;n una serie de rebajas temporales de los impuestos y se producir&aacute;n recortes generalizados y significativos del gasto. El efecto combinado podr&iacute;a ser una profunda contracci&oacute;n fiscal, que descarrilar&iacute;a la recuperaci&oacute;n de la econom&iacute;a.<br />
<br />
<strong>&iquest;Cu&aacute;les son las causas?</strong><br />
<br />
La reducci&oacute;n de los impuestos sobre la n&oacute;mina salarial, los recortes de impuestos aprobados por el presidente Bush en 2001 y 2003 (prorrogados por dos a&ntilde;os a fines de 2010) y las extensiones al impuesto m&iacute;nimo alternativo llegar&aacute;n a su fin en enero de 2013. En cuanto a los cortes del gasto p&uacute;blico, el verano pasado qued&oacute; acordado que si la "S&uacute;per Comisi&oacute;n" -una comisi&oacute;n parlamentaria encargada de bajar el d&eacute;ficit- no aprobaba una serie de medidas para cumplir con esa misi&oacute;n, a partir del 1 de enero de 2013 entrar&iacute;an en vigor recortes draconianos del gasto en defensa y otros sectores. Lamentablemente, esa amenaza no surti&oacute; el efecto esperado: como la S&uacute;per Comisi&oacute;n no concret&oacute; ning&uacute;n plan para reducir el d&eacute;ficit, el gasto sufrir&aacute; recortes tajantes. En total, el precipicio fiscal eliminar&iacute;a alrededor de 700.000 millones de d&oacute;lares de la econom&iacute;a estadounidense el a&ntilde;o pr&oacute;ximo -m&aacute;s de 4% del PIB-; m&aacute;s o menos tres cuartas partes de esa suma corresponden al aumento de los impuestos.<br />
<br />
<strong>&iquest;Es realmente tan grave la situaci&oacute;n?</strong><br />
<br />
Lamentablemente, s&iacute;. El motivo es que la econom&iacute;a estadounidense a&uacute;n se est&aacute; sobreponiendo lentamente a los efectos de la crisis financiera. El ritmo de la recuperaci&oacute;n es an&eacute;mico, y el desempleo sigue siendo elevado. El precipicio fiscal reducir&iacute;a el crecimiento anualizado a alrededor de cero en 2013, y con toda probabilidad la econom&iacute;a caer&iacute;a en recesi&oacute;n a comienzos del a&ntilde;o pr&oacute;ximo, ya que el fuerte alza de los impuestos reducir&iacute;a el gasto de consumidores y empresas y los profundos recortes del gasto p&uacute;blico debilitar&iacute;an el crecimiento. Adem&aacute;s, un instrumento tradicional -la rebaja de las tasas de inter&eacute;s como medida de pol&iacute;tica monetaria- tiene un margen de acci&oacute;n limitado en la coyuntura actual porque las tasas ya est&aacute;n a niveles extraordinariamente bajos. Y la econom&iacute;a mundial, cada vez m&aacute;s fr&aacute;gil, no podr&iacute;a brindar mucho respaldo comprando bienes y servicios estadounidenses.<br />
<br />
Lo que es peor, el impacto negativo del precipicio fiscal podr&iacute;a comenzar a hacerse sentir incluso antes, ya que la incertidumbre en torno a lo que acaecer&aacute; llegado 2013 podr&iacute;a llevar a los consumidores, las empresas y las entidades p&uacute;blicas a moderar el gasto este a&ntilde;o, previendo los recortes. Estados Unidos efectivamente necesita subir los impuestos y bajar el gasto. Pero debe hacerlo poco a poco, sin privar de ox&iacute;geno a la reactivaci&oacute;n de la econom&iacute;a.<br />
<br />
<strong>&iquest;Qu&eacute; se puede hacer al respecto?</strong><br />
<br />
En principio, la soluci&oacute;n es f&aacute;cil. Debe concertarse un acuerdo pol&iacute;tico para que los impuestos no suban ni el gasto baje m&aacute;s que en una proporci&oacute;n limitada el a&ntilde;o pr&oacute;ximo. Ese acuerdo afianzar&iacute;a much&iacute;simo m&aacute;s la confianza si incluyera tambi&eacute;n un plan cre&iacute;ble para que posteriormente los impuestos vayan aumentando poco a poco y el crecimiento del gasto est&eacute; restringido, de modo que la deuda p&uacute;blica estadounidense deje de subir m&aacute;s que el PIB nacional. De m&aacute;s est&aacute; decir que en la pr&aacute;ctica estas cosas nunca son f&aacute;ciles, y hay diferencias significativas a lo ancho del espectro pol&iacute;tico estadounidense sobre la manera de reducir el d&eacute;ficit. Pero existen puntos de coincidencia y se han propuesto varios planes bipartidistas.<br />
<br />
<strong>La segunda herida por mano propia</strong><br />
<br />
A fines de 2012 o principios de 2013, el Gobierno federal estadounidense alcanzar&aacute; nuevamente un l&iacute;mite de endeudamiento fijado por ley y no podr&aacute; emitir nuevos t&iacute;tulos de deuda. &iquest;D&oacute;nde est&aacute; el problema? Primero, en que el Gobierno federal est&aacute; gastando considerablemente m&aacute;s de lo que recauda en impuestos, y segundo, en que el gasto y la recaudaci&oacute;n no est&aacute;n sincronizados. Por lo tanto, si ese tope no se eleva a tiempo, el Gobierno tendr&iacute;a que recortar dr&aacute;sticamente el gasto, restringiendo importantes funciones p&uacute;blicas, con efectos del producto y del empleo. Y la mera posibilidad de que el Gobierno tenga que retrasar el pago de un bono podr&iacute;a inquietar a los mercados financieros. El aumento del tope de la deuda es una medida que el Congreso toma con regularidad, pero que el verano pasado se posterg&oacute; hasta el &uacute;ltimo segundo tras agrios debates. Es verdad que las tasas de inter&eacute;s de los bonos del Tesoro no subieron, contrariamente a lo que muchos hab&iacute;an pronosticado, pero los mercados financieros sufrieron y, ya con menos fe en el sistema pol&iacute;tico, los consumidores y las empresas perdieron la confianza.<br />
<br />
Desafortunadamente, recobrar la confianza lleva mucho tiempo, pero basta con un acto precipitado para defraudarla. Las heridas duelen y pueden tardar mucho en sanar, pero las infligidas por mano propia son f&aacute;ciles de evitar.<br />
<br />
Desde <a href="http://blog-dialogoafondo.org/" target="_hplink">Di&aacute;logo a Fondo</a>]]></content>
</entry>

<entry>
    <title>U.S. Fiscal Policy: Avoiding Self-Inflicted Wounds</title>
    <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gian-maria-milesiferretti/us-economy-budget-cuts-fiscal-cliff_b_1756290.html"/>
    <id>tag:www.huffingtonpost.com,2012:/theblog//3.1756290</id>
    <published>2012-08-09T14:43:08-04:00</published>
    <updated>2012-10-09T05:12:04-04:00</updated>
    <summary><![CDATA[For the U.S. economy, serious risks could come at the end of this year from two potential self-inflicted wounds: the so-called "fiscal cliff" and the debt ceiling.]]></summary>
    <author>
        <name>Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti</name>
        <uri>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gian-maria-milesiferretti/</uri>
    </author>
    <content type="html" xml:lang="en" xml:base="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gian-maria-milesiferretti/"><![CDATA[The United States and much of the world economy are <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/CAR070312B.htm" target="_hplink">still recovering</a> from the devastating global recession that began in 2008. Sometimes crises happen that we cannot foresee or avoid. But for the <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/CAR080212A.htm" target="_hplink">U.S. economy</a>, serious risks could come at the end of this year from two potential self-inflicted wounds: the so-called "fiscal cliff" and the debt ceiling.<br />
<br />
Let's start with the fiscal cliff. In simple terms: if U.S. policymakers do nothing, a number of temporary tax cuts will expire and significant across-the-board spending reductions will kick in on January 1, 2013. The combined effect of these measures could result in a huge fiscal contraction, which would derail the economic recovery.<br />
<br />
<strong>Why is this happening?</strong><br />
<br />
The payroll tax break, the Bush tax cuts (enacted in 2001 and 2003, and extended for two years at the end of 2010), as well as exemptions on the Alternative Minimum Tax are set to expire on January 1, 2013. As for the cuts to government spending, it was agreed last summer that if the so-called "Super Committee" (a Congressional committee in charge of reducing the deficit) failed to approve a set of deficit-reduction measures, draconian cuts to defense and non-defense spending would take effect starting on January 1, 2013. Unfortunately, this threat did not work as envisaged -- the Super Committee did not come up with any plan to reduce the deficit -- and, as a result, the deep spending cuts are scheduled to kick in. All in all, the cliff would remove about $700 billion from the U.S. economy next year -- over 4 percent of GDP -- with higher taxes contributing about three quarters of the total.<br />
<br />
<strong>Is it really that bad?</strong><br />
<br />
Unfortunately, yes. The reason is that the <a href="http://youtu.be/brW1nm0jVFI" target="_hplink">U.S. economy</a> is still slowly mending from the effects of the <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2012/06/rowe.htm" target="_hplink">financial crisis</a>. The pace of the recovery is tepid, and unemployment remains elevated. The fiscal cliff would reduce growth to about zero on an annual basis in 2013, and the economy would most likely fall into a recession early next year. This is because the large tax increases would make consumers and businesses cut back on their expenditures, while the steep government spending cuts would also subtract from growth. Furthermore, one traditional response -- monetary policy action to lower interest rates -- is hampered in the current environment because rates are already extraordinary low. And a weakening world economy would not be able to provide much support by buying U.S. goods and services.<br />
<br />
What's more, the negative impact of the cliff could start materializing even sooner, as uncertainty about what is going to happen early in 2013 might lead consumers, businesses, and government agencies to hold back their spending already this year, in anticipation of the cuts. Yes, the U.S. needs to raise taxes and cut spending. But it should do so gradually, without sapping the economic recovery.<br />
<br />
<strong>What can be done about it?</strong><br />
<br />
In principle, the fix is easy. A political agreement should be reached to ensure that tax increases and/or spending cuts are carried out by only a modest amount next year. Such an <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr12213.pdf" target="_hplink">agreement </a>would be all the more powerful in restoring confidence if it also included a credible plan to gradually raise taxes further and limit the growth of spending, so that the U.S. public debt stops growing faster than U.S. GDP. In practice, of course, things are never easy, and there are significant differences across the U.S. political spectrum on how to reduce the deficit. But there is some common ground, and a number of bipartisan plans have been put forward.<br />
<br />
<strong>The second self-inflicted wound</strong><br />
<br />
In late 2012 or early 2013 the U.S. federal government will again reach a statutory borrowing limit and will not be able to issue additional debt. Why is this a problem? First, because the federal government is spending considerably more than what it collects in taxes; and second, because spending and tax collections are not synchronized. As a result, if the ceiling is not raised in time, the government would need to cut spending drastically, curtailing important government functions, with detrimental effects on output and employment. And just the mere possibility that the government might  have to delay a payment on a bond could unsettle financial markets. In the past, Congress has raised this limit on a regular basis. But last summer an acrimonious debate delayed the lifting of the debt ceiling until the very last minute. True, interest rates on Treasury bonds did not rise, as many had anticipated, but financial markets suffered, and uncertainty and a decline in faith in the political system took a toll on consumer and business confidence.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, it takes a lot of time to regain confidence and trust, but it takes one rash action to lose it. Wounds are painful and can take a long time to heal -- but self-inflicted ones are easy to avoid.<br />
<br />
<em>From <a href="http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org" target="_hplink">iMFdirect blog</a> and <a href="http://blog-dialogoafondo.imf.org/" target="_hplink">Di&aacute;logo a Fondo</a> .</em>]]></content>
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